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Damage to Blood Vessels
Artery walls become damaged from high pressure. Fat
accumulates and the walls thicken. Calcium is deposited
in the fatty areas, “hardening” the arteries, making them
unable to increase in size. Blood flow through the arteries
decreases. Damaged artery walls may also cause blood
clots to form which block the artery itself or break off and
block arteries in other organs.
Arteries in
Cross-Section
Normal artery
Artery with plaque
Venule
Waste
Tissue
Arteriole
Nutrients
Capillaries
Capillaries
Taking Control of Your Blood Pressure
■
Measure blood pressure regularly at home.
■
Maintain a low-fat diet.
■
Decrease salt intake to less than a teaspoon per day (2000 mg).
■
Shed extra weight to decrease strain on your heart.
■
Don’t smoke.
■
Restrict caffeine and alcohol consumption.
■
Follow all of your physicians instructions.
■
Take prescribed medications as part of your daily routine.
■
Consult your physician about an appropriate exercise plan and follow it.
■
Continue taking medication even after your blood pressure has reached a good level.
Effective control of high blood pressure can prevent most of its complications.
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Understanding High Blood Pressure
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What Is Blood Pressure?
Blood pressure is the force of circulating blood against the inner
walls of the blood vessels. It is affected by:
■
how hard the heart pumps
■
the amount of blood in the body
■
the diameter of the blood vessels
Generally, blood pressure increases when the heart pumps harder,
the amount of blood in the body increases or the diameter of the
blood vessels decreases.
What Is High Blood Pressure?
More than 65 million Americans have high blood pressure. The term hypertension
is also used to describe this condition. Hypertension occurs when blood is flowing
through the vessels at a pressure that is too high for the long-term health of the
blood vessels. Generally, a blood pressure higher than 120/80 is considered
unhealthy. Over time, vessel walls exposed to high levels of pressure become
damaged. This damage can lead to serious health problems.
What Causes High Blood Pressure?
In 90 to 95 percent of high blood pressure cases, the cause is unknown. When
the cause is unknown, it is called essential or primary hypertension. Secondary
hypertension, the least common type, can be caused by factors such as kidney
abnormality, a structural abnormality of the aorta, or narrowing of the arteries.
Measuring Blood Pressure
Blood pressure is a measurement consisting of a top number,
systolic pressure (pressure when the heart is contracting), and a bottom
number, diastolic pressure (pressure when the heart is resting). It is measured with
a pressure cuff and sphygmomanometer or digital monitor. The cuff is placed around
the upper arm and tightened until blood flow through the brachial artery is stopped.
Pressure is gradually decreased in the cuff. Sounds or vibrations detected in the
brachial artery while the pressure is dropping will determine the blood pressure.
Risk Factors
Family history of high blood pressure
Race (African Americans have the highest incidence)
Age (risk increases with age)
Obesity
Sedentary lifestyle
Diabetes mellitus
Effects of High Blood Pressure
A person with high blood pressure usually has no symptoms until he or she has had it
for quite some time and serious damage has occurred. For this reason, it is often called
the “silent killer.” Long-term damage from uncontrolled high blood pressure is often
irreversible and can lead to an early death:
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Blocked
coronary
artery
Damaged heart tissue
Enlarged heart
Normal heart
Damage to the Brain
■
Stroke:
A portion of brain tissue dies when it is deprived of blood supply. This can happen when a bulging artery (called an
aneurysm) ruptures or an artery becomes blocked by a blood clot or fat deposits.
■
Cerebrovascular insufficiency:
A series of mini-strokes occurs in the smaller vessels of the brain. Tiny arterioles bulge, then burst from high pressure
or become blocked by small blood clots. There are no symptoms until damage accumulates over time.
Damage to the Kidneys
■
Blood vessel damage:
Arteries become narrowed and stiff from high pressure. Blood flow to the kidneys is decreased. Receptors respond by
recruiting mechanisms throughout the body to raise overall blood pressure even further.
■
Kidney disease leading to failure:
It becomes more and more difficult for the kidneys to remove impurities from the blood. Toxic materials accumulate.
Damage to the Heart
■
Heart disease leading to heart attack: Fat deposits and blockages form in the arteries that supply the
heart with blood.
■
Congestive heart failure: Heart becomes damaged and enlarged from working so hard to pump blood
against the higher blood pressure.
Ruptured plaque
Blocked artery
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Brain in Cross-Section
Area of burst
arterioles
Circle of Willis
Area of damaged
arterioles
Dead brain
tissue
Area of burst arterioles
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Blood Pressure Guidelines
According to the National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute (NIH), more than 65 million Americans have
hypertension and another 45 million are prehypertensive totaling 110 million people at risk. Guidelines have
been issued in hopes that people will adopt a healthier lifestyle to lower their blood pressure.
BP Classification Systolic BP Diastolic BP
(mmHg) (mmHg)
Normal <120 and <80
Prehypertensive 120-139 or 80-89
Stage 1 Hypertension 140-159 or 90-99
Stage 2 Hypertension ≥160 or ≥100
Source: the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention,Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure.
National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute - May 2003
Lit: LSChart